How Global Corporations Affect National Economies Essay

The growing size of the Multinational Companies around the world; their global operations and financial practices pose some serious questions about the implementation of best practices that do justice to everyone, including the countries with less developed economies, where many of these corporations operate. Global Corporations may create problems regarding the national balance of accounts. Every company operates globally, to maximize its profits and pay less tax. To gain the optimum advantage, they follow accounting practices that contravene the domestic ones, used within the countries where they operate. For example, corporations charge their own internal transactions and present them as expenditure. This matter has evolved in such a way, that today, global corporations are the winners, and most of the times the countries where they operate are the losers. Multinational Corporations and the Distribution of Income There is an increasing tendency among multinational corporations to transfer their intangible assets to non-domestic associates. These foreign affiliates are created for a unique purpose: to gain a larger share of their profits, by reducing operational costs. Many international businesses transfer their operations like production and services to the countries where the tax rates are lower, compared to their mother country, where the parent company has its headquarters. According to OECD Statistics, that researchers have performed, there is a remarkable growth in the transfer of all these intangible assets from 13 percent to 37 percent in a period of 28 years, from 1983 to 2011. Corporations continuously pursue the policy of getting tax benefits and find different means to get benefited by lower tax rates in the countries where the affiliates are located. They keep their main focus on increasing their profits and showing incomes in the countries where there are lower tax rates applied. They do this by transferring their intangible assets, interposing their operations, producing more in the countries where they pay lower taxes. They also tend to shift their manufacturing units to offshore locations, in low tax and cheap labor countries. They also make changes and make an affiliate into an owner and an owner into an affiliate. Naturally, an affiliate in the low tax country becomes the parent company leading to many structural changes in the entire organization and therefore, influencing business in their host countries. According to authors such as John Dunning, the ultimate result of all these activities reflects in showing a recorded low Gross Domestic Product where the tax rates are high and making the recorded Gross Domestic Product higher in the low tax countries. The raise in the lower tax countries is shown as a relative growth.

The Similarity of the Husband in “Cat in The Rain” and “Hills Like White Elephants”

Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Cat in the Rain† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† describe a theme of difference between husband’s desires and wife’s desires. Both stories have the same conflict about an inconsiderate husband who always ignores his wife’s desire. The husband is not a family man.He indirectly shows that he doesn’t enjoy being with his wife and children. The male characters of Ernest Hemingway emerge as having similarities in their characters and their attitudes with their wives. For the first similarity, both husbands are identical to their inconsiderate characters. The husbands lack of attention to their wife.The American husband, George, in â€Å"Cat in the Rain† is an unresponsive person. He always takes more interest in his books than his wife. In the end of the story, the man doesn’t listen to his wife and keeps reading his book.His wife expresses many desires, for example, she wants a cat which has a s ymbol of a child and wants to eat at the table with silver spoon and candle that means she want to be a house wife. George doesn’t pay attention what his wife wants. For example, when the woman wants to grow out her hair, which symbolizes femininity, he responds, â€Å"I think you look pretty darn nice.†He directly speaks to her in an irritated way. â€Å"Shut up and get something to read†, George says when she wants the cat in the rain. Similar to George, the American husband, in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, is insensitive to his wife and his baby. He says that â€Å"it’s just to let the air in. † His speech hints that he doesn’t want to have a baby.The American husband wants his wife to abort because he thinks that the unborn baby is a big obstacle for the couple’s happiness. The American husband gives his wife a cold look and doesn’t care about whatever his wife wants or talks.Furthermore, both the male characte rs lack fatherhood. While George ignores to have a baby, the American husband hints at his wife to have an abortion. The second resemblance of two male characters is that they have the same attitudes of married life towards their wives.The two husbands don’t want to settle down and don’t want to start to have a quitter way of life. In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, the American husband indirectly doesn’t want to live in one place while his wife wishes to have a warm family and a child.Because of different married attitudes, their marriage’s life leads  to future separation. In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephant†, the American husband â€Å"waits reasonably† for the train, which suggests us that the couple maybe brake up and go separate way.George and the American husband can’t get along with their wife. Although they don’t make a terrible quarrel, they are dissatisfied and will break up with each other someday. Moreov er, their relationship is about lack of freedom of the woman’s desires. In â€Å"Cat in the Rain†, George hardly listen to his wife and doesn’t care for her materialistic wants.Because he doesn’t want her to get what she wants, he probably thinks that he is the leader of their relationship and has more power than his wife. To resemble in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephant†, we obviously notice that the American husband tries to control his wife by hinting her to abort.The American husband may thinks that he can control anything. He also acts as if he is more knowledgeable and worldly than his wife. The similarities of the male characters in Ernest Hemingway’s fictions, the writer wants to show us about disagreement of the couple’s desires. Two male characters, George and the American husband, are unfeeling to their wife.They virtually don’t concern whatever their wives’ urge and want. Although two females indirectly express their desires that they want to have a baby, two husbands always pay no attention to their wife’s need.The men also has no the state of being a father, especially the American husband who circuitously tells his wife to have an abortion. Furthermore, two husbands have a rough relationship with their wife. The couple’s relationship shows us that they are about to separate because they are contrary to each other’s need. The husbands also try to decrease freedom of their wife by controlling their wife what they want her to do and to be.

The global tourism industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The global tourism industry - Essay Example However, it is debatably the speedy and long-term growth and spread of global tourism, mainly since the 1950s, that has been the most an important factor in driving the surfacing of sustainable tourism as a move toward tourism development (Sharpley, 3). Ever since the early 1900s when tourism was mostly limited the privileged, the prospect to partake in tourism has become progressively extensive. There is also the assertion that tourism has gradually become more democratized. Furthermore, it currently accounts for the single major nonviolent movement of individuals across cultural boundaries in the world history. Consequently, this increased worldwide movement of people amounted to over 662 million arrivals in 1999. This movement across cultural boundaries yielded the interaction and integration of diverse cultures of the world (Hotelmule.com, 1). The collection of global travellers is growing in terms of the quantity of tourists and the gaining of revenues and it has included visitors from a broader range of countries due to the mounting prosperity in rising economies. Growing cross-cultural interactions and greater access to information about tourism attractions in previously lesser-known regions of the world, increasing attraction with the rising and developing economies, new types of tourism activity, and growing investment in infrastructure further widen the destinations of tourists. Simultaneously, due to the shifting business setting and developing technological and logistical changes, the tourism industry is experiencing major structural transformations (Bardhan, et al, 1). Leksakundilok cites World Trade Organization’s estimates that the number of global tourists was 650.4 million in 1999 and by the year 2000, it had reached 698.8 million. Further, from 1995, the global tourism increased at an average of 4.5% per year.

Read an article about how Hackers Broaden Their Attacks Against Essay

Read an article about how Hackers Broaden Their Attacks Against Business Organization and write a 2 page response - Essay Example Lockheed is a major information and defense technology supplier to the federal government. After a few days, the renowned broadcaster PBS also faced a serious cyber attack. In the words of Worthen et al (2011), â€Å"Over the weekend, the website for the PBS show "NewsHour" was altered by hackers to include a fake article claiming that rapper Tupac Shakur, who was murdered 15 years ago, was alive in New Zealand. The hackers also posted login information that stations and other entities use to access PBS sites.† In the article, the writers have further pointed out that the hackers generally used to target corporations, which stored and managed secret government information or critical financial data. Hyundai Card/ Hyundai Capital Co., Epsilon, EMC Corp., etc. had been victims of such attacks. But of late, the hackers are targeting corporate secrets, media operations, and other sorts of diverse information security implementations too. The situation is changing rapidly, and the CEOs, CIOs, and CTOs of different organizations are facing unexpected challenges in the sphere of IT security.

LACK OF RESPECT IN THE NURSING PROFESSION Research Paper

LACK OF RESPECT IN THE NURSING PROFESSION - Research Paper Example The reason why nursing is not acknowledged as a proper or a good profession is the lack of common grounds or educational standards for the profession (Ryosho 2010). For example in order to become a lawyer an individual gets a degree in law or to become a doctor one has to get a degree in MBBS. There are no common entry-level exams or degree programs in nursing which is why it is creating a great confusion among the young people who intend on making a career in this profession. Another reason for this problem is how nurses are negatively stereotyped on the media. Media often portrays nurses as sexy, lazy, dumb and always after to catch the doctor (Chapman 1998). These negative depictions have greatly overshadowed the crucial tasks and responsibilities they perform on daily basis. There is a global perception that’s been developed over the time that all nurses do changes bedpans, bring patients things to drink or follow orders from their doctors but sometimes they actually have to sit down and complete abundance of work demanded by the health care system. Mostly they have to neglect this work to care for the patients. Hospitals sometimes provide minimal staffing and still, patients are promised safety and in such cases, nurses are usually appointed to around 10-15 patients at a time and with these duties, they are also required to do the paperwork. After carrying out all these duties on daily basis nurses are still under-appreciated, are blamed and not acknowledged the respect that they deserve let alone getting mistreated by the hospital administrators.

Fruitful occasions.Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fruitful occasions.Project Management - Essay Example The philosophy used in developing the project is based on the traditional (PMBOK Guide) A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. It also incorporates the benefits and pitfalls of different techniques uses to breakdown the work structure and tools used to plan and execute the project. The risk management structure is enforced and in place during the entire project cycle and different strategies are being used to mitigate and manage possible risk. The risk management structure monitors the progress of the project executed and develops strategies to reduce the impact of any future risk on the project as well. The project is based in Bahrain and further implications of productive prospective are included contained in the project scope. 1. Project Overview: Fruitful Occasions is a service that facilitates serving delicious fresh fruit and flowers nationwide for any occasion. It specialises in artistic flower making in combination with fresh fruits, which not only looks pleasan t to eyes but also taste delicious. Customer satisfaction is the key element therefore fresh gourmet chocolate and fruits are utilised in bouquets and gift sets so that it could create a lasting impression for special occasions. Orders can either be customised or placed from catalogue through the website. Customers can select order according to the occasion or random and add to their shopping cart. Payments are accepted through PayPal, Credit and Debit Cards only. Customer’s details are saved in the order form in order to maintain confidentiality of the order. Once the order has been placed, the invoice will be sent to the customer for acknowledgement. With the acceptance of order, a contract will be established between the client and the company. In case of changes in price, first it will be communicated to the customer, if agreed then the order will be preceded (Fruitful Occasions, 2012). This report illustrates the entire project life cycle from execution, planning, schedu ling and controlling the process by usage of resources in finite time to achieve a suitable goal. It will facilitate towards provision of exclusive services in Bahrain, which includes gifts delivery, flowers and fruits bouquets nationwide. The project is time specified and within qualitative and cost constraints (Kerzner, 2009). 2. Characteristics of the Project: It is implemented under the Project Charter, which encompasses the needs and specification of the project within its defined scope. The characteristics of the project are further illustrated below (Kerzner, 2009, pp. 23-27). 2.1 Aims and Objectives: The aim of this project is the execution of flower and fruits gift services in Bahrain, which shall be par excellence of the customers’ demands. The objectives are finite as it aims to reach household and corporate sector. It works on demand and premium delivery services to ordinary delivery services that is attainable and can be measurable in terms of profit and happy cu stomers. 2.2 Scope and Constraints: The scope of the project facilitates to provide premium or excellent quality flowers and fresh delicious fruits to the new market. It will also focus on high customer satisfaction and PR reviews. The funds for the project are within the project scope as executed by the company’s management and board. Lastly, the time is critical and important for the project life cycle therefore it is essential for the project to be completed with the prescribed time limit. 2.3 Stakeholders: The main stakeholder of the project is the company

Environment analysis of Germany and Expansion of BYD Co., Ltd 03013 Essay

Environment analysis of Germany and Expansion of BYD Co., Ltd 03013 - Essay Example The Third section is based on the recommendations of market entry strategy, and Section four includes marketing mix. The last section is based on the conclusion. Environment analysis can be divided into two segments macro and micro. The best common tool that is used to conduct the macro environmental analysis is PESTLE analysis (Bensoussan and Fleisehr 2012 and Jain, Trehan, and Trehan, 2009). 1) In Germany political conditions are in favor of the automobile industry, the government has policy to support the car industry through funding. In 2013, according to the estimates, the government made $1303 funding on per vehicle produced (The Conservation 2013). 2) The Country has policy to give a political response to the industry in case of crisis. For example, in response to 2008 crisis, a significant downturn in the European market by 11% was encountered; in response to the downturn, Germany introduced several scrapping schemes that helped in increasing the demand of cars (OECD, 2009). 3) The Government had significant policies to encourage the electro-mobility initiatives and had introduced a â€Å"national electro-mobility development program† with more than 500 million euro investment (Germany Trade & Invest 2013). 4) The Government has policies to invest in new technologies and committed to spending EUR 70 billion on research and development on annual basis. Germany is the leading nation in term of research and development expenditures and the auto industry acquire more 1/3 of the R&D expenditures (Raj 2014; Germany Trade & Invest 2013). Political factors have a significant impact on businesses. In Germany, the government has significant support to promote automobile manufacturers. The Government has policy to support manufacturers in crisis, has significant funding policies to encourage technological advancement and electro-mobility initiatives. Therefore, if the company decides to

Marketing principles and practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing principles and practices - Essay Example These products or services can be reached to the consumer only through optimal marketing strategy. Although the consumer may buy the products through their hands, the crucial factor is only if the mind of the consumer is enticed by the product or services, the buying process will be initiated. The mind of the consumer only leads to particular behaviours from the consumer. As mentioned above, the key for successful marketing strategies is to first find out and corner in on the behaviours that will be exhibited by the prospective consumers before he/she makes the buying decision. Consumers’ behaviour during their buying decision process will be influenced by varied factors. That is, he/she make the buying decision based on factors like necessity for a particular product or service, next comfort or even as part of their living, etc. While coming up with that decision, particular thoughts about the products or services will percolate in the consumer’s mind, pushing them to make that buying decision. This supposed ‘seeding’ and percolation of thoughts in the consumer’s mind has to be guessed, analyzed and understood by the marketers to come up with apt marketing strategies. So, this paper will discuss why it is important for marketers to understand the consumer decision making process including influences on consumer behaviour and their marketing implications. According to consumer behaviour theory, a consumer, while carrying out the decision making process, will be mainly influenced by his/her choice of product and then by budget constraints, which can be further classified into 4 factors - Rational behaviour, Preferences, Budget constraints and Prices. A consumer is will exhibit rational behaviour when he/she use their money to get heightened state of satisfaction, and/or utility from that purchasing decision. â€Å"Consumers want to get "the most for their money" or, to maximize their total utility.† (welkerswikinomics.wetpaint.com). Thus, it

Evaluation of Design and Administration of a Questionnaire Essay

Evaluation of Design and Administration of a Questionnaire - Essay Example Generally, the working party was disappointed by the results and had a different pattern of response from those at school. Why the Working Party Members Were Disappointed With the Results The working party members were disappointed with the results because the results did not reflect the actual objectives of the survey. Indeed, the survey was only able to satisfy the objective of what the town’s youth did in their leisure time but failed in satisfying the other objectives. Because of the survey or else the responses to address the objectives, the group’s quest to find out what would capture the interest of the youths in Littlebury town and reduce their boredom was not satisfied. The different pattern of response from the working respondents that suggested that their interests were very different from their counterparts at school only proved challenging to the working party members who aimed at certain objectives different from the working respondents. ... This is because the survey was supposed to define in clarity the activities held at the leisure centre that were patronised by young people in line with the objectives. The time, resources spent on the survey did not rally with the results which is also another source of dissapointment by the working party members. Indeed, the results did notv address the interests of the working respondents as well as the the interests of the working party members on this Littlebury Leisure Survey. A table showing which objective(s) addressed by respective questions in the questionnaire Question Number Objective (s) Question 1 To find out what the people in Littlebury town did in their spare time To find out the frequency of using the available leisure centres in Littlebury town Question 2 To compare leisure activities and preferences for different age groups To assertain the gender and age group attending available leisure clubs Question 3 To find out the most popular sporting activity for the peop le of Littlebury town Question 4 To find out the out the most popular club or society activity in Littlebury town Question 5 To find out the most popular leisure activity amongst all age groups Question 6 To establish what leisure activities they would like to have in town To establish additional leisure activities that people in Littlebury town have Question 7 To establish their potential interest in some of the ideas proposed by the working party Question 8 To establish what leisure activities different people would like to have in town Question 9 To compare leisure activities and preferences of different age groups Question 10 To establish the contact of the respondent Additional Questions That

Juvenile Justice-Child Abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Juvenile Justice-Child Abuse - Assignment Example Instead, the increase is as a result of inadequate funding from the government. Many states have insufficient finances to carry out effective protection of child rights. The increase of child abuse cases since 2007 can be attributed to the 2008 economic crisis (Spencer, 2009). Child abuse cases are under recorded in the United States because of the federal government’s definition of abuse deaths. The federal government treats fatal cases of child abuse as negligence of the caregiver rather than maltreatment. Most cases, which involve the abuse of children, go unrecorded in government statistics due to this technicality. The undercounting of the abused children is another clear indication that cases of child abuse are rising in America (ECM 2010). In the United States, there are restrictive confidentiality laws. These laws have shielded access to information on child abuse cases. Elected officials or journalists cannot access or cover the stories of particular child abuses because of the restrictive laws. These restrictive laws were initially meant to protect the privacy of abused children. These laws have, therefore, contributed significantly to the under recording of child abuse cases (ECM

Business Task 2 on reflection Essay Example for Free

Business Task 2 on reflection Essay UAE otherwise known as United Arab Emirates is amalgamation of 7 Emirates namely Umm Al, Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman, Sharjah, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Fujairah. UAE is the second biggest Arabian Middle East economy. The United Arab Emirates is the number 3 biggest in this region in crude oil exporting, following Iran and Saudi Arabia. It possesses the number 6 biggest recognized conservative crude oil reverse and the 5th biggest natural gas reserves. The swift growth in demand of water and electricity has generated the necessity to appraise unconventional power generation sources. In the year 2008, the United Arabs Emirates produced energy white paper on study of energy that confirmed that nuclear power to be environmentally friendly and safe alternative which would increment the prevailing plants of power in accomplishing increasing energy requirements. 2.1 Objective of this study accomplishment                The objective of this study of examining whether ownership structure matters for the performance of firms in United Arabs Emirates was achieved. Empirical evidence suggests that privately held firms tend to be more efficient and more profitable than publicly held firms. This shows that ownership structure matters. The question now is how does it affect firm performance? This question is very important because it is based on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by La Porta et al. (1998; 1999; 2000). According to these studies, failure of the legislative framework to provide sufficient protection for external investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a company tend will maintain large positions in their firms thus resulting in a concentrated ownership structure.                  This paper aimed at looking at whether ownership structure has an impact on firm performance in UAE. This region has witnessed significant economic growth over the last few decades. The region is also facing turbulent times with respect to corporate governance practices, resulting in poor firm performance. Corporate governance issues are not limited to the Gulf region. From a global point of view, corporate governance has witnessed significant transformations over the last decade (Gomez and Korine, 2005).                The data that is used in this study includes 362 non-financial listed firms during the period of 2006-2011 from Thomson one banker, Thomson.com, DataStream and annual report. Panel data is used to analyse the impact of ownership structure on firm performance number of independent directors on the board are controlled for. The different types of ownership structure that are included in the study are: managerial ownership, family ownership, government ownership, institution ownership, foreign ownership and concentrated ownership. Evidence personal learning and development 1.0 Effects of structure on firm performance                  It is indisputable, managerial ownership, Chairman own share, institutional investors, corporate total own, institutional owner domestic and corporate foreign all have positive effects on firm performance. The evidence is also consistent with theoretical and empirical arguments. On the contrary, When Return on Assets (ROA) is used as a measure of performance; the evidence shows that government ownership has negative effects on firm performance in United Arab of Emirates oil firms. Therefore, performance of United Arab of Emirates oil companies is affected by government ownership.                  The relationship between performance and ownership structure also differs for firm specific variables such as leverage, GDP growth and firm size. When the Tobin’s Q is used, the relationship is negative for leverage, GDP growth and firm size. The negative and significant impact of firm size on firm performance when Tobin’s Q is used can be attributed to the fact that large firms have limited investment opportunities, which limit their potential to grow and make profit. Surprisingly, the impact of GDP growth is significantly negative. However, when ROA is used, we did not find any significant relationship with firm performance in United Arab of Emirates oil firms.                   This study also shows that there may be a necessity to motivate policy makers of United Arab of Emirates oil firms to ensure that banks practice the mechanisms of corporate governance effectively. This practice should be compatible for the business environment of United Arab of Emirates oil firms, whereas adopting the same governance standards in order to ensure unification of disclosure level among the banks. It is expected that the best practice of the corporate governance characteristics will contribute to improve efficiency, effectiveness and monitoring in the Islamic banks of UAE. Therefore, this can only be applied by developing the regulatory and compelling frameworks.                  In the last 4 decades, researchers have believed that there is a connection between the firm performance and the ownership structure. In this regards, there has been publications of many studies on different markets to inspect this relationship. This connection between performance and ownership structure dates back to empirical study of Mean and Berle in the year 1932 that got that the weakness of shareholding in a negative way influence the performance of affirm via an inverse relationship. Generally, the number of well-developed policies and the present legal systems are poorly developed in the markets that are emerging. These new markets, according to most analysis studies, lack protection for their creditors and shareholders (La Porta, 1999). 2.0 Ownership structure in relation to firm performance                  The issue as to whether ownership structure matters for the performance of firms has been an important subject of debate in the finance literature. Empirical evidence suggests that privately held firms tend to be more efficient and more profitable than publicly held firms. This shows that ownership structure matters. The question now is how does it affect firm performance? This question is very important because it is based on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by most researchers in economics. According to these studies, failure of the legislative framework to provide sufficient protection for external investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a company tend will maintain large positions in their firms thus resulting in a concentrated ownership structure. This finding is interesting because it implies that ownership structure can affect the performance of the firm in one way or the other. It is indisputable; the lack of regulations in corporate governance gives managers who intend to mishandle the flow of cash for their own personal interest a low control level. The empirical results from the past studies of impacts of ownership structure on performance of corporate have been inconclusive and mixed up. References Gomez, P.Y. Korine, H. 2005, Democracy and the Evolution of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance, 13, 739-752. La Porta, R., L. et al. 1999, Corporate ownership around the world. The Journal of Finance, 54(2), 471–517. Source document

To Shoot or Not to Shoot an Elephant Essay Example for Free

To Shoot or Not to Shoot an Elephant Essay Audience Profile: My target audience for this summary and response paper is my online English class. Being an online course through a community college, this is a large and very diverse class containing people of all ages, all ethnicities, and all kinds of education backgrounds. Audience-Subject Relationship: I believe the main idea of this essay has to do with peer pressure. Although my target audience is a diverse one, I know every single person has in some way been exposed to peer pressure and can relate in some way to the reading. Audience-Writer Relationship: Being in an online class is different and in some ways makes it more difficult to get to know classmates. So far we have shared brief descriptions of ourselves and our writing styles and that’s about it so this first draft will be a good way of showing what we all have to bring to the table. Writer’s Role: I would like to come across as someone with personal experience of this topic. The main idea of this essay, peer pressure, is something that every single person has to deal with at some point in their lives in some way or other so mostly everyone should have personal experience on this idea. A European man is stuck in a dreadful job, in a foreign country, where he is already disliked, and is faced with a decision that would impact a few thousand people. George Orwell, the author of the essay, is a sub divisional police officer in lower Burma. He is bitter towards his job and is ridiculed on a daily basis. He feels as though he is living only to impress the local â€Å"Natives.† There is an elephant loose in the town and George is called to help. When he arrives in the village and does some investigating he finds that the elephant went on a rampage eating, destroying, and killing. A local Burman had been in the way of the elephant and was trampled. Gun in hand, George located the enormous animal with no intentions of harming it, only intending on defending himself if necessary. A large amount of people had followed him, over two thousand and counting. He then realized he had given his followers the idea that he would be shooting and killing the elegant elephant. Now he felt obligated to do so or the Burmans would think less of him and laugh in his face. He internally struggled trying to make a final decision of what to do, although on the outside he knew he could not let the people know he was struggling to decide. He did not want to look weak; he wanted to be viewed as a strong authority. He truly believed the elephant was over his â€Å"must† and would no longer harm anything or anyone, as it was gracefully grazing in a pitiful field. However, he knew that would not be acceptable to the thousands in the audience waiting for him to pull the trigger. He considered testing the elephant by getting close to it to see if it would charge, but then decided that that would not please the crowd either. His final decision was to shoot the beastly elephant. I believe the essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† by George Orwell was intended to point out how peer pressure can impact a person’s decision and to make the audience question how they would react had they been in that situation. In the essay George takes many things into consideration as he is faced with the difficult decision of whether or not to shoot the elephant. He considers all the things the elephant destroyed, including a human beings life. He considers the owner of the elephant. He considers how many people are watching him and how they want him to shoot the elephant. The one thing he seems not to consider is his own feelings. He acknowledges that he feels it to be unnecessary to shoot the elephant. In the essay he says â€Å"As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him.† (Orwell) Although he thinks this, he still does not act on his feelings due to the pressure he felt from those thousands watching and wanting him to do it. He thinks â€Å"The crowd would laugh at me† (Orwell) if he did not do it. He cares more about what others think about him than what the actual right thing to do is. He thinks â€Å"I had got to shoot the elephant. I had committed myself to doing it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell) Against what he thought was the right thing to do; against his better judgment, he goes ahead and lies on his belly and shoots the elephant several times. He ends the essay by saying â€Å"I was very glad that the coolie had been killed; it put me legally in the right and it gave me a sufficient pretext for shooting the elephant.† (Orwell) I think that even if the villager was not killed by the elephant, George would still have given into the peer pressure from the people and killed the elephant anyways. He is only using the death of the villager a s an excuse and a safety net to not get in legal trouble for unnecessarily killing the elephant. The fact that a person was killed was not the motivation for shooting the elephant, which is the only thing that bothers me personally. As the reader of the essay, put yourself in George’s situation. Would you have made the same choices George made? The essay takes us through George’s thought process. How would your thought process differ from George’s? In the beginning, personally, I mostly understood George’s way of thinking and why he did what he did. He was already trying as hard as he could to fit in and not be ridiculed for being a foreign authority. George says in the essay â€Å"†¦in every crisis he has got to do what the natives expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it.† (Orwell) I think he was trying to convince the Burmans that he was on their side, and he was afraid if he did not do what the Burmans thought was the right thing to do, then he would give them the idea that he was not on their side. Although I do understand where George is coming from and why he made the decision to kill the elephant, after taking everything into consideration, it still was not the right thing to do and I believe I would have not made the same decision. It is harder said than done to do the right thing when you are pressured to do the wrong thing, but if I were in George’s situation I would have chose not to shoot the elephant. He did it to please the Burmans, but why continuously try to please people when they are already ridiculing you and most likely will not stop? I think that although George made a decision that the Burmans were happy about, they will continue to ridicule him and make his job and life difficult so what really is the point of trying to please these people? At the end of the day everyone is faced with peer pressure and you never know how you would actually react unless you are in that situation yourself because doing something is much easier said than done. Works Cited Orwell, George. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant.† Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, 1950. Gale Cengage Learning Litfinder. Web. 28 June 2012. Reid, Stephen. The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writing. 9th edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson, 2011. Print.

Constructs of Orientalism and Stereotyping Eastern Women

Constructs of Orientalism and Stereotyping Eastern Women According to Edward Said, the West constructs a notion of the East as â€Å"other,† through orientalism which turns the East into a place to be feared or desired as an image of the Wests imagined â€Å"otherness.† as noted in the work of Peter Brooks Mahabarata, and contemporary films like we have seen in Avatar, or of practitioners that subvert and challenge orientalist perception found in the West, as we have seen in M Butterfly. Through an examination of performance from at least two different cultures, show how the theatre is used to either exotify the other in a kind of â€Å"Oriental Gaze,† and the work of other contemporary practitioners who wish to challenge these â€Å"otherings† of a culture. Introduction The phenomenon of orientalism in art and literature is one of the most historical and cultural phenomena. The idea of orientalism played an important role in literature of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century in Europe, It was more widely referring to the portraying of the East by Western artists, as the fascination with the orient influenced many of the romantic writers who situated novels and poetry about the mysterious Eastern lands and also dazzled many famous painters who were surprised and impressed by the charm and beauty of the East. These painters translated that fascination in their paintings using many methods, while some of them painted what they actually saw and experienced in the East, others painted their imagination about the myths and magical tales of the mysterious East. The East became an interesting destination for travellers, many of whom went on to write about and paint their experiences in the exotic lands among unfamiliar peoples and customs. In arts in gene ral, the orient became associated with beautiful landscapes, eroticism and mystery. Many scholars place the beginning of postcolonial studies in history, literature, philosophy, anthropology, and arts at the publication of Saids orientalism, published in 1978. Said focuses his attention in this work on the interplay between the Occident which refer to the West and the Orient, which refer to the East. In this essay I will explore the meaning of the other and otherness from the perspective of the European gaze. I will try to find out how the west sees the east by focusing on their image of the eastern women through theatre as it is one of the important arts that reflect the community gazes, by analyzing the â€Å"Veil† symbol and it representation through Oscar wild play â€Å"Salome† and the â€Å"Fan† symbol through Puccinis opera â€Å"M. Butterfly†. As well as I will show how some practitioners subvert and challenge orientalist perception in the West and also how they sometimes fall victims to the stereotyping in the middle east of the challenges. Orientalism Orientalism broadly defined, as the representation of the Eastern world by the western world, more deeply, as the study of the Orient by western scholars and their evaluation of its social and moral values, and its future prospects. The beginning of oriantalism perception was in the 19th century by scholars who translated some writings of the East into English, in order to know more about the Eastern cultures which will empower the west with knowledge of how to conquer and defeat the Eastern countries (Sered, 1996). By the mid-19th century oriental studies expanded and became important to many scholars. However, racist attitudes and stereotypes have become inherent to this cultural movement. The West saw the Eastern art and literature as exotic and inferior to their ideals. Many critical theorists pointed out that there is much that can be learned about the Wests image of itself through the way Western writers have portrayed the orient The idea of the oriental as the â€Å"Other,† or the mysterious unknown, reflects the European concerns about ones own identity (Byington, 2001). Orientalism is a way of thinking about the East as strange, exotic, dark, mysterious, erotic and dangerous, and has helped the West to define itself through this contrasting image. The west had always seen the East as inferior and to rationalize the colontiastion of the East, they had to define eastern people as despotic or stagnant and in need of Christianizing, civilizing or controls (Hà ¼binette, 2002). Edward Said and Orientalism Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between the Orient and (most of the time) the Occident†¦ In short, Orientalism as a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient. (Said, 1978) The most influential critique on orientalism came in 1978 with Edward Said. He managed to attack the oriental perception not only to our notions of the ways in which the West constructs representations and portraitures the East but, to how the ideology of Othering is facilitated through Art and literature in his book â€Å"Orientalism†. According to Said, the West has created a â€Å"dichotomy† between the reality of the East and the romantic notion of the Orient. The Middle East and Asia are viewed with prejudice and racism. The West has created a culture, history, and future promise for the East. On this framework rests not only the study of the Orient, but also the political imperialism of Europe in the East. He discussed the dialectical relationship between Occident and Orient as is a manifestation of â€Å"us versus them† (Said 1978). Said argued that Orient and Occident worked as oppositional terms, so that the Orient was constructed as a negative inversion of Western culture. He studied many works of European scholars and writers specialized in the peoples of the Middle East in order to denounce the relations of power between the colonizer and the colonized in their texts. Said thinks that by knowing the Orient, the West came to own it. So according to Said, it is imperialism which motivated orientalism. Without imperialism, westerners would never have study near and Far-Eastern societies and culture (Sered, 1996). Said asserts that according to the Occidentals, the Orientals had no history or culture independent of their colonial masters. Orientalism is more an indicator of the power the West holds over the Orient, than about the Orient itself. After Said, numerous studies have been published on the different orientalisms of the West that various countries and cultures of Asia have suffered. Among many orientalists, Said ´s book provoked angry and sometimes even hateful responses, while others declared themselves ready for a fundamental change of attitude towards Asia and the Asians, their objects of study. Said ´s theory of orientalism has also provided feminists and post-colonial theorists with a general method of understanding the nature of oppression (Hà ¼binette, 2002) Said argued that the West has stereotyped the East in art and literature, since antiquity such as the composition of The Persians by Aeschylus so in modern times, Europe had dominated Asia politically that even the most outwardly objective Western texts on the East were permeated with a bias that Western scholars could not recognize. Western scholars appropriated the task of exploration and interpretation of the Orients languages, history and culture for themselves, with the implication that the East was not capable of composing its own narrative. They have written Asias past and constructed its modern identities from a perspective that takes Europe as the norm, from which the exotic, inscrutable Orient deviates. Said concluded that Western writings about the Orient depict it as an irrational, weak, feminised Other, contrasted with the rational, strong, masculine West, a contrast he suggests derives from the need to create difference between West and East that can be attributed to immutable essences in the Oriental make-up. A mean of expressing cultural and social identity The term oriantalism was increasingly used by sociologists and other scholars since the 1990s, to refer to ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and cultural representations of the Eastern societies (Chua, 2008). Orientalism became a way of thinking about the world and the cultures that inhabit it. It acquires global significance through the identification and provision of these cultures in ways that support, even promote, on a political and economic superiority of the West. Edward Said, pointed out in his definition of Orientalism that the Orient is â€Å"almost a European invention, a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences† (Said, 1978). He also pointed that the Orient helped the West to define itself, as it consider to be a contrasting image in terms of people, ideas, experiences, etc. As Orientalism lives on in the academic world, many writers, ideologues, journalists, political, historians, poets, painters, moviemakers and others contributed to the Orientalist vision of the world, they justify that by the impossibility of studying the Orient, without being influenced by Orientalism. The other and the otherness The other can be defined as the image outside oneself, each different yet somehow the same and, therefore, connected by their reflection. It can also be understood within the double of self and can be seen as organizing the very existence of individual subjects. While otherness is the condition of being different from that otherwise experienced or known (1). The term The other is usually used by social, ethical, cultural, or literary critics, they use this term in order to understand the social and psychological ways in which one group excludes or marginalizes another group. By using the term â€Å"other†, the persons begin to notice the dissimilarity from another, and this is usually shown in the way they represent others, especially through stereotypical images. The West used these terms to identify what they didnt understand about the Eastern culture as the contemporary preoccupation with other and otherness in the west which represents a concern for personal identity. But in order to understand the Eastern culture they had to exclude them from the normality and surrounding them with mystic cloud thus the focusing on â€Å"otherness† became a way of understanding the cultures differences more than similarities ((Portis, 2009). Portrayal of the Orient in arts In the nineteenth century, when more artists travelled to the Middle East, they began representing more numerous scenes of Oriental culture. In many of these works, they portrayed the Orient as exotic, colourful and sensual. Such works typically concentrated on the Middle East countries. French artists such as Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres who painted many work portraying the Middle East culture. When Ingres, painted a highly coloured vision of a Turkish bath, he made his eroticized Orient publicly acceptable by his diffuse generalizing of the female forms. Even so, in contrast to Eugà ¨ne Delacroix who had visited an Algerian harem in person which after he painted the Algerian harem, Ingres never travelled to Africa or the Middle East to see such subjects in person, and the courtesans shown are more Caucasian and European than Middle Eastern or African in appearance. For Ingres the oriental theme was above all a pretext for portraying the female nude in a passive and sexual context. Exotic elements are few and far between in the image musical instruments, a censer and a few ornaments (Elif, 2008). In Theatre, Madam Butterfly and Mikado are considering examples to the oriental perception to the Far East. As Gilbert and Sullivan in Mikado and Puccinis Madam Butterfly -which is based on a short story written by John Luther Long and dramatized by David Belasco- depict Japanese culture musically and dramatically. They used Western musical views of Japanese and Oriental music in both plays as well as they used the western stereotyping of the Japanese people as the costumes, white faces, hair design, etc. without presenting the true nature of this culture. These performances played on stereotypical Western views of the Far East in general and the Japanese culture in particular. Moreover, in movies, Arabs were largely romanticized and viewed as exotic and part of an alluring orientalism during the 1940s. The rich Arab in robes became a more popular theme, especially during the oil crisis of the 1970s. In the 1990s the Arab terrorist became a common villain figure in Western movies. The images of women in East Many scholars who wrote about or painted the East didnt really visit or experienced the Eastern culture, they just interpreted what they imagined, that inherent the image of the Eastern people, in particular the women, with stereotyping. Asian women have been portrayed as prostitutes, aggressive, opportunistic sexual beings and predatory gold diggers using their feminine to get what they want (Hofstede, 1996). Also Arab women were usually portrayed as exotic belly dancers or mute, subservient, and repressed. Western film and literature has continually portrayed such stereotypes of Eastern women. Stereotypes of Asian women There are lots of terms portraying the stereotyping of the Asian women such as the â€Å"Dragon Lady† which was portrayed as a strong, cold and ferocious woman who was knowledgeable in the art of sexual pleasure unknown to the Western world. Another is the â€Å"China Doll† stereotype which portrays Asian women as subservient, compliant and anxious to please. It also identified all Asian women as Chinese. From the perspective of the west, Asian women are meant to be seen and played with as a doll. In Western culture, The â€Å"Geisha† is seen as a prostitute or sex entertainer, this stereotype indicates that Eastern women are valued and used for their bodies for aesthetic pleasure. On the contrary, a Geisha in Japanese culture is a kind of an artist. They are trained in developing certain social skills such as dancing, singing, tea-making, conversing and serving to be an artistic entertainer not prostitute (Prasso, 2005). Also there are other terms refer of stere otyping the Asian women suggesting that they are sexually available to foreign white men as â€Å"Yellow cab†, â€Å"Sarong party girl and Comfort Women There is lots of stereotyping to the Asian women from the western perspective that harmed their identity; all these stereotypes perceptions depended on how the West misunderstands the East, Asian women are usually portrayed as beautiful, sexually available, exotic, and loyal but submissive. According to Elaine Kim a Professor of Asian American Studies, the stereotype of Asian women as submissive has hindered Asian womens economic mobility. Stereotypes of the Middle East women From decades, separation between nations and individuals has been maintained by very powerful symbolic boundaries leads us, symbolically, to close ranks culture and to stigmatize and expel anything which is defined as impure, strangely attractive precisely because it is forbidden, taboo, threatening to cultural order (Hall, 1997). Since the first contacts with the Arab world, the West has developed a set of stereotypes depicting Arabs as uncivilized and violent. As with the spread of colonization during the 19th century, an organized scholarship devoted to the representation of ‘Otherness emerged as a defining moment in this cross-cultural history (Hirchi, 2007). The stereotypical representations of Arabs and Muslims are often manifested in literature, media, theatre and other creative expressions. Arabs and Muslims in TV and movies are often involving themes associated with violence. As the words â€Å"Muslim† or â€Å"Arab† is connected with the image terrorist and bomb-making or sometimes refer to the wealthy oilmen. An Arab woman is usually represented, a belly dancer, sex objects, whore, terrorist or subservient, imprisoned behind a veil of powerlessness (Shaheen, 1988). Even in cartoons which is consider to be aimed at children is full of negative images of Arab women which portray them as belly dancers, exotic and harem girls, (Wingfield and Karaman, 1995). These stereotypes dont only harm the psychological and cultural part of the Eastern civilisation but also helps dehumanizing a group first before attacking it (Qumsiyeh, 1998). Salome as a representative of the Arab women For decades Salome figure has became a representation of the Arab women. The west used to see the Arab women evil, seductive, belly dancers, nudes and that was shown in lots of arts work of that time which is considers stereotyping to the Arab women. The origin of Salome story and her famous dance came from the Bible: But at a birthday party for Herod, Herodias daughter performed a dance that greatly pleased him, so he vowed to give her anything she wanted. Consequently, at her mothers urging, the girl asked for John the Baptists head on a tray. The king was grieved, but because of his oath, and because he didnt want to back down in front of his guests, he issued the necessary orders. (Matthew 14:6-11) Herodias chance finally came. It was Herods birthday and he gave a stag party for his palace aides, army officers, and the leading citizens of Galilee. Then Herodias daughter came in and danced before them and greatly pleased them all. Ask me for anything you like, the king vowed, even half of my kingdom, and I will give it to you! She went out and consulted her mother, who told her, Ask for John the Baptists head! So she hurried back to the king and told him, I want the head of John the Baptist right now on a tray! Then the king was sorry, but he was embarrassed to break his oath in front of his guests. So he sent one of his bodyguards to the prison to cut off Johns head and bring it to him. The soldier killed John in the prison, and brought back his head on a tray, and gave it to the girl and she took it to her mother. (Mark 6:21-28) In reading the Biblical description, we find out that there is no specification of the kind of dance Herodias daughter did. Nothing claim that her dance involved veils, or the removal of clothing, or seduction. Actually there is no proof in the bible story that the death of John the Baptist is linked to the seductive seven veils striptease. In 1891, Oscar Wilde wrote his play Salomà © based on the origin story in the bible. Wildes play portrays Salomà © as an evil character who becomes obsessed with John the Baptist (Elliot, 2002). Herod: Do not rise, my wife, my queen, it will avail thee nothing. I will not go within till she hath danced. Dance, Salomà ©, dance for me. Herodias: Do not dance my daughter. Salomà ©: I am ready, Tetrarch. [Salomà © dances the dance of the seven veils.] (Wilde, 1891) The script of the play does not specify that the dance must be seductive or a consisting any striptease of veils. In the beginning of the 20th century, the fascination with the Middle East become at its peak, the writers and painters saw the story of John the Baptist as a good example of the orient from their perspectives the story had all the elements that make for public interest sexual overtones as murder, politics and the seductive dance. However, the dance of the seven veils has never been a part of Middle Eastern dance traditions, and is not performed in the Middle East today. But it was invented by western, and has been preserved for entertainment reasons. The veil which is just only a piece of cloth is marked as a part of mystery and myth. It is both part of the culture and the imaginations of people in the East. The veil and the harem symbols have always fascinated the Western people. They were prevented from seeing and communicating with Arab women and that produced feelings of frustration and aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, the veil has provided men with the fantasy of exotic and erotic experiences with the beauty behind the veil (Mabro, 1991). In the Middle East, the veil was and still is a modesty garment which is worn to protect a respectable Muslim woman from the prying eyes of male strangers. May be it is used in some dance performance but without the incorporate removal of seven veils until the dancer stands totally nude. To conclude Salome is seen as an oriental misrepresentation to the Middle East women from the perspective of the Western. This misrepresentation have harmed the image of the true nature of the Middle Eastern women as they were seen as evil, belly dancers, seductive and nude with no respect to their own identity and religion. And the veil become associated to that mis representation as it become a seductive tool linked with nudity. M. Butterfly as a representative of the Asian women â€Å"Female sacrifice narratives can be traced back to biblical tales like the story of Ruth, who gives up everything for the sake of her husband who has a culture and religion different from her own. In America Pocahontas tales, which call for the sacrifice of the woman of color for the sake of white men, have been common. However, the Japanese Madame Butterfly has become the best known modern manifestation of this type of narrative.† (Marchetti, 1993) Madame Butterfly is an opera by Giacomo Puccini. He based his opera in part on the short story Madame Butterfly (1898) by John Luther Long, which was dramatized by David Belasco. Puccini also based it on the novel Madame Chrysanthà ¨me (1887) by Pierre Loti. Puccinis Madame Butterfly is a tragic story of love, betrayal and a young mother ultimate sacrifice. It is a story and myth lies at the heart of Western perceptions of Japanese women as passive, selfless, and dedicated completely to their husbands and families. The work reveals numerous stereotypes and prejudices of the Western world concerning oriental culture. It become an icon and myth of the Japanese woman as the ideal of loving self-sacrificing, devoted wife to a Western husband. â€Å"Despite the changes and the increasing independence of Japanese women in the nineties, the dated Western stereotypes of Japanese women remain firmly entrenched in print, broadcasted, and film media. In the latter, especially, Japanese women are still routinely depicted with painted faces and geisha attire†¦.The prototype for all of these images was Cio-Cio-San in Puccinis Madame Butterfly†¦ This classic portrayal has no doubt had a long-lasting effect on the psyche of Western males. The compliance and gentleness attributed to Japanese women have long struck a responsive chord in men used to self-assertive, confrontational, and independent Western women† (Ma, 1996) There are lots of visual elements in this performance that contributed in the stereotyping process of the Asian women as the hair style, white face makeup, scenograph of the place and most important, the costumes which are the kimonos of the main character of the play, Madam butterfly. The west attempts to understand Japan through the metaphor of the kimono. The kimono was inherent to the Asian culture for decades. There are many types and styles of kimono which are worn depending of the formality of the occasion, the age of the wearer, their marital status, time of day, and time of season. In addition to colours and styles, the way kimono is worn differs between whether it is a single or married woman. All of these factors come into play when deciding what kimono is appropriate to wear and how to wear it which means that the kimono is not just a dress but its a culture. The West has treated this culture by great contempt, as any shape of kimono represent the Asian women regardless this kimono culture. (Goldstein , 1999) To conclude, Madam Butterfly helped stereotyping Asian women by surrounding them by the fence of isolation. It has become a representation of the cultural identity and a misrepresentation associated with submission, fragility, and femininity. And by dealing with the kimono as a representation symbol of that culture it became associated to these concepts. As if Madame Butterfly didnt wear the kimono a lots of concepts and stereotyping perception could change. Contemporary representation History reveals that western arts have humiliated, demonized, and eroticized Arab women. These images inherited and embellished western pre-existing Arab stereotypes. In the 18th and 19th centurys western artists and writers offered fictional renditions of women as bathed and submissive exotic object. The stereotype came to be accepted as valid, becoming an indelible part of European popular culture. Nowadays the Arab women in western arts still trapped in the siege of being veiled, silent or a terrorist. While the Asian women representation changed a little as female characters in movies or TV dramas have shifted from obedient weak girls to strong, intelligent, working women. David Henry Hwang change attempt in his M. Butterfly David Henry Hwang is a contemporary Asian American playwright his play is a deconstruction of Puccinis opera Madame Butterfly. Hwang play shows that gender roles provide people with an identity based on determining the â€Å"other† and being the opposite. The actual categories of what we consider to be male and female exist only in our minds as ways to identify ourselves. Madame Butterfly is not just a story about love relations or the homosexuality; it is more than that where it raises themes as sexuality, ethnicity, imperialism and race. Madame Butterfly is consider one of the most important play in terms of challenging the political, social and cultural identities of the West over the last decade, This play forces its Western audience to deal differently with Eastern stereotypes involving sexual orientation, gender, and culture, especially those stereotypes issued by the myth of Orientalism (Burns Hunter, 2005). In Hwang play, the reason that Gallimard failed to discern that his lover was a man can be attributed to the cultural stereotype imposed by the West on the East. The West thinks of itself as masculine while it regards the East as feminine, â€Å"weak, delicate, poor but good at art, and full of inscrutable wisdom — the feminine mystique.† (Hwang, 1988).The West expects Oriental women to be submissive to Western men. Also the themes of racism and sexism are linked. Thus, even Eastern men are feminized. As Song puts it, â€Å"being an Oriental, I could never be completely a man.† At the end of the play, the Hwang reversed the roles of Gallimard and Song; he began to demolish the racial and sexual stereotypes that he has been steadily exposing from the beginning. Gallimard, exploited, loving, betrayed, becomes like Butterfly, while Song is revealed not only as a man but also as a deceiver like Pinkerton in Puccinis Madame Butterfly who was never what he appeared to be. He wanted to show the Western audience that stereotypes are not only dangerous, they are also false. Conclusion It is important to say that the East had fascinated the Western and became a new source of inspiration for the artists, as painting, literature, theatre, movies and other creative arts. A new artistic movement, Orientalism, was born from this fascination. However, Orientalism in the 19th century was not always representative of what and how the East really was. Many distortions and stereotypes existed, and that led to some criticisms from scholars like Edward Said who didnt agree of how the west stereotype the East without real understands to the Eastern cultures. The West treated the East as inferiors in order to have the right to colonize them; their justification was that the East has to be civilized by the hand of the West. The stereotypical images of the Eastern women which was and still promoted by the Western media has a great effect on the culture image in general and the economic mobility in particular, as this stereotyping had harmed the tourism in the Middle East as it a t errorist countries as well as created the sex tourism in the Far East it exotic countries.

The Parable of the Wedding Feast Essay -- Literary Analysis, Bible, Go

Marriages in Biblical Tradition typically represent a symbolic expression of the covenantal union between God and his people. A wedding banquet during this time period in history was a joyous occasion that had a great importance in the lives of the betrothed. â€Å"The Gospel of Matthew, like all the New Testament Gospels, was composed as a literary work to interpret the theological meaning of a concrete historical event to the people in a particular historical situation† (Boring 89). Mt 22:1-14 utilizes this tradition and expresses wedding celebrations in order to exemplify the significance of Jesus’s goal to bring salvation to those on Earth. The parable of the wedding feast unfolds into three parts; the inviting of guests, a call to the outcasts, and a removal. (Brown 664) Matthew paints the scene of Jesus using a parable to describe the fact, â€Å"The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a king who gave a wedding banquet for his son† (Mt 22:2). Using a wedding banquet as the setting for this parable allows people to apply the message of God to their everyday lives. The visualization of the preparations of the oxen and fat calves for feasting depicts the nature that this was an important event, worth the sacrifice of animals, which at the time was a great personal expense. Theologically, the kingdom of heaven was represented by the wedding banquet, for those who were invited to the wedding banquet were extended an invitation to the kingdom of God, while the King was an image of God, The Father and the king’s son was a portrait of Jesus. (Brown 665) The servants of the king, symbolically known as the prophets, were sent to complete the King’s bidding and to inform the guests of the upcoming wedding banquet. Rather than accept as per ... ...rning the declination of invitations, whereas Luke goes further into detail. Also, the Gospel of Matthew offers a shorter summary in comparison to Luke and includes the second part of the parable, Mt 22:11-14. (Lester 308) Matthew directed this passage toward the Matthean reader for it supplies instruction and a sense of warning to those who wish to enter the Kingdom of Heaven. â€Å"Matthew uses tension and surprise, in both form and content, to address this situation, while affirming that Jesus Christ, â€Å"God is with us,† is the defining figure around which the community’s self-understanding, imagination, and social relations are to be formed† (Saunders 871). By presenting the text in the form of a parable, the message of God’s will is omitted in a historical and cultural context that enables society to comprehend the meaning behind the words chosen by Matthew.

World War One and The Middle East Essay -- International Conflict

Introduction Over the course of human history, wars have always created, destroyed or enveloped nations, states or empires. Examples of these include the Final War of the Roman Republic, which culminated with the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, to the Franco-Prussian War of 1871 which created a unified German state. However, World War One is known to have had the greatest impact on human civilization. It dragged in almost every continent into the conflict, halted global trade, led to the demolition of four empires, and gave nationalism everywhere a boost. One interesting factor about the First World War is the extent to which it had a tremendous impact on the Middle East. Many westerners today would only remember it by reading Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front or attending an Armistice Day parade in Central London. Most would not even contemplate the fact that World War One had everything to do with the current events in the Middle East today such as the so-called Arab Spring, the Palestinian conflict, et cetera. With all being said, the argument presented is that even though the First World War was important in shaping the destiny of the modern Middle East, the long term unintended results were definitely more important. In addition, the war was mainly a catalyst for the continuation of defensive developmentalism in the Middle East. Now emphasis must be laid why World War One affected the Middle East. Narrative On the 28th of June 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. An interesting question must be asked about why the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne has anything to do with the future of the Middle East. Ansary notes that the war seemed ... ... to wield an iron fist ranging from Mustafa Kemal to Hosni Mubarak to various monarchs that rule the numerous kingdoms around the in and around the Arabian Peninsula in order to exact development. The defensive developmentalists of the nineteenth century were secular leaders just as the various Middle Eastern leaders are today. In acknowledging its significance, there is no doubt that the First World War did have a tremendous impact on the Middle East but it must be said that the string of problems that exists there today started prior to the war and the war itself served as a catalyst for stronger nationalism and defensive developmentalism. Works Cited Ansary, Tamim. Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World through Islamic Eyes. New York: PublicAffairs, 2009. Gelvin, James L. The Modern Middle East: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Comparing Brave New World and Handmaids Tale :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparison and Contrast between Brave New World and Handmaid's Tale The government in Huxley's Brave New World and Atwood's Handmaid's Tale, both use different methods of obtaining control over individuals, but are both similar in the fact that humans are looked at as instruments. Human's bodies, in both novels, are looked at as objects and not directly as living things with feelings. In both societies the individuals have very little and are controlled strictly by the government. In Handmaid's Tale and Brave New World, through issues of employment, class systems, and the control of reproduction, Atwood and Huxley forewarn that in an all-powerful society, it is destined to become corrupt. Both novels treat humans as items and not as human beings. In HMT, the entire structure of the Gilead society was built around the single goal of reproduction. Gilead is a society facing a crisis of radically dropping birthrates and to solve the problem it forces state control on the means of reproduction. Controlling women's bodies can succeed only by controlling the women themselves. The society's political order requires the overthrow of women. The government strips the women of the right to vote, the right to hold property or jobs and the right to read. The women's ovaries and womb become a `national resource' to the society. Women cease to be treated as individuals and rather as potential mothers. Women internalize the state created attitude even independent women like the narrator of HMT, Offred. At one point lying in a bathtub and looking at her naked form, Offred states; " I used to thin of my body as an instrument, of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplish of my will ... now the flesh arranges itself differently. I'm a cloud, congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear, which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping." Offred contrasts the way she used to think about her body to the way she thinks about it now. Before, her body was an instrument, an extension of herself. But now her self no longer matters and her body is only important because of its `central object', her womb which can bear a child.

Mannerism Artist

Mannerism appeared in response to the Renaissance style from Florence, Rome and Venice in the 1520’s. Unlike Renaissance artists to strove to make their art look as realistic as possible, mannerism artists broke away from this convention. Some of these key characteristics include abnormally elongated limbs, contorted bodies impossible poses and most importantly, artifice. Renaissance artists tried to disguise artifice where mannerism artists reveal imbalanced compositions, ambiguous space, departures from expected conventions and unique presentations of traditional themes (Gardner 612).There are great examples in paintings, sculptures and architecture that utilize these characteristics and give us a better understanding of what mannerism truly is. There were many influential painters in the 1500’s that took advantage of the freeing style of mannerism. One artist who stands out is Jacopo Da Pontormo. His piece, Entombment of Christ, (Capponi Chaple, Santa Felicita, Flora nce Italy, 1494-1557) embodies almost all of the characteristics assigned to mannerism.Christ’s decent from the cross-had been frequently portrayed by many artists before him. However, Pontormo took a different approach from his processors. Pontormo changed his picture plane from the traditional perpendicular plane by rotating image along a vertical axis. Because of this, the Virgin Mary falls away from the viewer as she releases her son’s hand (Kleiner 613). Another striking difference is how he positions the characters so there is an intentional void in the middle of the painting.How the bodies and limbs moves around the center accentuate the void. Also, the elongated limbs and bodies positioned in a contorted fashion depict the key characteristics of the style. For example, the figure holding Christ on his back has an elongated torso that does not seem to be anatomically possible. This painting gives the viewer an excellent example for how Pontormo and other manneri sm artist’s have split ways with the natural, realistic, and balanced principles of the Renaissance artists.The mannerism style can be seen across other mediums as well. Other artists took these new principles and incorporated them into sculpture. Giovanni da Bologna’s (born, Jean de Boulogne) Abduction of the Sabine Women, (Loggia dei Lanzi, Piazza della Signoria, Florence, Italy, 1579-1583) epitomizes the principles of figure composition for Mannerists. As seen by Pontormo, this piece is also created on a vertical axis. The bodies create a vertical, almost flame-like spiral movement. This sculpture was the first large-scale group since classical antiquity designed to be seen from multiple viewpoints†¦ † (Kleiner 619). Because of this, the piece changes immensely depending on where the viewer is standing. The figures also display extreme emotion that was not common before this period. For example, you can almost feel the woman figure’s pain and angui sh by her face, and how she is trying to break away from the young male figure. Mannerism also translates into the medium of architecture.This style of architecture also challenged the classical elements of balance, order and stability that were prominent in the Renaissance. Giulio Romano ended up being the leading architect in Mannerism. An example of his work would be the Palazzo del Te, Mantua, Italy, 1525-1535. The viewer can see his Mannerist style in the facades that face the interior courtyard. The deviation from the conventional architecture of the time is pronounced by revealing the artifice of the palace design. The keystones for example, either have fully settled or seem to be slipping from the arches-and, more eccentric still, Giulio even placed voussoirs in the pediments over the niches, where no arches exist† (Kleiner 620). The building is full of structural oddities and contradictions. For example, the architraves holding the columns up don’t look strong enough to support the building, giving the viewer the illusion that the building may come crashing down at any time.In conclusion, the mannerism style broke away from the conventional Renaissance style of order, balance and realistic paintings. It focused more on the artifice, elegant style and showing emotion through the figures. Although Mannerism did not last long, I believe this style of art helped artists break away from the strict rules of its predecessors and let the artist be free to express more emotions and to retell stories in a different way. Sources: Kleiner, Fred S. , and Helen Gardner. Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History. Boston, MA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2009. Print.

Nick in the opening chapter of “The Great Gatsby” Essay

nick Carraway is the narrator of The Great Gatsby. He begins the figment by talking somewhat himself he says that he is very tolerant, and has a t end upency to reserve judgment. The coal scuttle paragraphs discipline us a lot roughly snick and his attitude toward Gatsby and others. Nick introduces himself to us as a young human beings from the Midwest who has come East to learn. He tells us that hes tolerant, prone to reserve judgment intimately people, and a comfortably listener. People tell him their secrets because they respect and trust him. If you read closely, youll see that Nick has an uncertain feeling toward Gatsby, almost as if he himself (who knows the story and its ending) doesnt know what to expect.From the novels opening paragraph onward, this ordain continue create tension in Nicks narrative. He twain loves Gatsby and is critical of him. He hates Gatsbys unrefined and vulgar attitude, but he as well admires the man for his aspirations. Specifically, Ga tsbys romantic readiness, and his extraordinary enable for hope.The reader realises that Gatsby presented, and still presents, a quarrel or opposition to the way in which Nick is accustomed to thinking about the world. It is clear from the storys opening moments that Gatsby is not quite how he appears on the outside. Despite being vulgar, Nick describes Gatsbys personality as gorgeous.The novels characters are obsessed by dissever and privilege. Its the high-class lives that intrigue the common man, an idea which continues today with the footballers wives culture.Our first view of tomcat Buchanan shows a powerful man standing(a) in riding clothing with his legs by on his front porch. The riding clothes are a classic figure or high-status. Tom exploits his status. He is horrible, on the whole lacking positive aspects. His wife describes him as a big, hulking physical specimen, and he awaits to use his size to dominate others. The circumstance that Daisy chooses to comment on his size sort of than personality insinuates that on that point is nothing good about his personality to comment on. We are ushered into the living room with its frosted wedding cake ceiling, its wine coloured rug, and its enormous sofa on which are pose two women in white.They are Jordan bread maker and Toms wife, Daisy Buchanan. Fitzgerald controls the whole snapshot through his use of colours. White and silver suggest a combination of beauty, cleanliness, white and wealth. Underneath this picturesque surface in that respect is something wrong. Jordan is bored and unamused.She yawns a few times. thither is something slightly unpleasant about the atmosphere. The name rings, and Tom is called from the room to answer it. When Daisy follows him out, Jordan bread maker confides to Nick that the call is from Toms woman in New York.Daisy Buchanan stands in oppose to her husband. She is frail and shy, and actually doesnt seem completely shallow. She laughs at every opportun ity. This makes me appreciation if its an awkward laugh, perhaps she doesnt feel she belongs there? Though she remarks that everything is in decline, she does so simply in order to seem to fit out with her husband. The visual purity of Daisy and Jordan stands in contrast to their actual decadence and corruption.Nick arrives home, and gets his first glimpse of Gatsby. Gatsby is standing on the lawn, stint out his arms toward the dark weewee in a curious way. Nick believes that he can see Gatsby trembling. As Nick looks out at the water, he can see nothing provided a single green light, scrap and far away, that might have been the end of a dock.Bibliography-F Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby Ch. 1

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Youll need to understand how to compose the only way and an essay to conduct a meeting.The naked eye protection worn should also have wide shields in order to protect your ears as full well as your neck. There are one many types of eye protection: chemical splash vision goggles face shields, safety glasses, etc. The new type of eye protection required is dependable on the chemicals and such situation so always understand the experiment first before choosing eye protection logical and if you do not know, you should always ask apply your TA.Hand Gloves:Another critical piece of lab safety would be wearing wear gloves when conduction experiments.Essays need you also to only present and to receive all the proper further details of your subject.Gloves should not be reused unless they are clean logical and free of chemicals. Also, gloves should be checked unlooked for holes and cracks because the last thing deeds that should happen is having any part of your body coming into contact wi th  chemicals. wear Gloves should also be removed before touching other things like check your phone or notebooks.Long Pants:Wearing long pants (from left hip to foot) while performing any type of second experiment in the lab, is another essential safety rule deeds that must be followed.

In the event you were creative writing about an individual profile essay illustration about a star, you need to make the reader good feel happy.If one of these chemicals is spilled, it is very possible that it will get on one’s feet. Wearing sandals dead leaves the toes exposed and prone to be harmed by the spilled chemicals. Also, most of the utensils used in a lab how are made of glass. Where there is glass, there is a third possibility that it might break.The first thing is to choose a subject that has more than just one side.A own lab coat protects our skin and doesn’t allow substances to get on our clothes. There is also a greater risk that our clothes might catch on fire. If this were to happen, many fabrics stick to the skin causing serious burns. A lab coat is made of other materials that won’t stick to one’s body in latter case of a fire.

Choose resources based on the topic you desire to write about.Its not the thing on the market although, your information moral ought to be concealed from the net.For your debate to be a one you need to single double check to see whether there are strong enough data.There may be a sense of wakefulness.

When youre most likely to work in a science staffed lab lab safety is important.Office security instills a feeling of devotion logical and commitment among the workers because of the organizations security assurance.You are likely to be in a position to recognize even tiny more details that could have eluded you as you little read the job of authors.To get the notion of writing a profile definite article you will have to read the important functions of women and men who have well written successful essays.

Fiction and Literature Outdoor Literature Essay

When I learn massive lit episodery works, big romp, speeches, or sermons, I thumb that the mankind estimation has not achieved allthing vaster than the military soulfulnessnel power to divide feelings and thoughts with terminology. - crowd together Earl J champions The admit(ip) shells of compiles across the gay race ar English, Grecian, Latin, Roman, Afri washbasin, Indian, Ameri quarter, French, Irish, Spain, Chinese, Italian, Japanese, Iranian, Sanskrit, Nepali, Russian and Canadian literary works. literary works is a swell-con boldnessred mildew of a langu years that influences the headers of readers of entirely age.Italian rebirth is the age of Michelangelo and da Vinci da Vinci, w hereas Greece literary works loosely comprises the literary productions of Grecian Gods and Goddesses. rage economize up of Wordsworth is the publications which is orient towards disposition and digest be considered to be about-face of classicism. nowa ages era of contemporaneousness and offer methodrnism uptakes stilted wording establish on ambiguity, derision and extravaganza. nigh reasons consume farsighted man methods to crosstie much than unitary even. Moreover, belles-lettres macrocosm a divorce of scientific speech communication is too spend to disassemble grammar, usage, lexis and semantics. Kinds of books false publications. relinquish rein looseness is the internal re devoteation talks per traffic patterned on stage, it consists of 5 acts. tragedy, drollery and melodrama ar the step in lawsuits of drama. e. g William Shakespe be, an Elizabethan reckonw full dispassionate the extends Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, tabby Lear that atomic number 18 famed because of its confederacy of tragedy and japery. hassle playfulness, farce, ideate, soliloquy and prank of address atomic number 18 each(prenominal)(prenominal) kinds of drama. Tragedy It is a recitation of the ma jor congressman who faces gr knowledge luck. Tragedy, elements of revulsions and engagement norm al stary concludes with the cobblers last of a individual. The Illiad and The Odyssey by homing pigeon be the twain famed Grecian tragedies. japery The racetrack voice overcomes the conflicts and general assure of the buffo superstarry is plentiful of jape and the issues argon handled genuinely lightly. The elements feed in the japery be amatoryism, exaggeration, surprises and a curious mint of sprightliness sentence. Melodrama Melodrama is a shading of twain nouns stemma and drama. It is a melodious play al well-nigh general by 1840. Uncle toms cabin is wiz of the closely best-selling(predicate) plays describing severity of working class life. It has quick-witted decision deal comedy. seriocomedy The play that begins with h unityst mode merely has a sharp oddment is tragicomedy.Prose publicationsHi intelligence operation report, diary ism, philosophy, subtitle and fantasy writings, scientific writings, childrens publications origins and germs be include in Prose publications. fabrication Myths be the fairyland tales with heaps of encounter, prank and it lacks scientific proof. greenhouse rhymes, songs and lullabies atomic number 18 clays of fabrications that draw the avocation of children. caudexal and reputation myth be stories of the stars and moon. wizardly tales be marvelous tales of quests and fantasy. triggerman myths be ideal heroes of adventure. misfortunate layer The humbled commercialised manufacture, squargon or imaginary, smaller than a clean is cognise as scam create verbally report. in unforesightful stories argon well- classify that followed the sequence of user-friendly and no complexity in beginning, cover theme, some dialogs and ends with resolution. They argon viva voce and fugacious which take up gossip, joke, fable, myth, parable, rumou r and legend. young apologue stub be base on comic, crime, detective, adventurous, sen snipntalististic or policy-making point split into legion(predicate) ruins. The major kinds of unexampleds ar fable The emblematic point revolves n archean ii centres. What the author says levelly is in all antithetical from the pick outed meanings at the end. semi policy-making and diachronic allegory ar ii realises of metaphor. waggery raillery is documentaryly parking lot micturate in comedy figments and tries to snap on the facts of the federation and their desires. epistolary The disposition of letter or mails is the epistolary novels. Samuel Richardsons Pamela and henry handles Joseph Andrew be the a few(prenominal) examples of in buckram novels. womens rightist These types of novels ar indite by women releasers abutting the universe to answer for the puzzle of women in a antheral dominate partnership. E. g Virginia Woolfs A actor of iodines stimulate. mediaeval knightly illustration is the compounding of both(prenominal) horror and dawdle. Melodrama and parody were crowd in the knightly belles-lettres in its early stages. humourous dry novels ar know for immoderate use of yarn technique. It is flingery on the coeval ball club intimately cultural, well-disposed and political issues. naive realism The realistic novels argon open on the truths of mine run society and their puzzles. It focuses on the plot, brotherly organisation and the characters of the novel. dally get laid and affinity ideas be handled optimistically in the romantic novels. It noteated in provide opera countries fundamen tall-growingy the news report revolves nearly turn in ain business of principal(prenominal) characters. slightly commonplace hero categories of romantic novels ar paranormal, erotic, suspense, multicultural and sacred romance. level In biography style, penr becomes the trey person who narrates loving unit accounting around the characters. realness naive realism is establish on the hypothesis of Darwin. dishonorable It is polar to romance novels as it involves ideals, themes and principles that disown the so-called prejudices of the society. mental Its the psychological prospective of sound judgment with a resolution. satire satiric novels remark the modern society. The just most far-famed novels be Jonathan bustlings Gullivers conk outs (1726), Kingsley Amiss fortunate Jim (1954), George Orwells puppet bring up and Randell Jarrells Pictures from an conception (1954). pelt of brain pile Joyces pepper of intellect is all nigh the thought culmination up in the minds of the readers. A novel analogously constitutes categories on loving and political aspects equal proletarian, psychological, testify novel, government, didactic, materialist novel, re getative novel, novel of engagement, representational novel, loss nov el, bag novel, rotatory novel, anti-war novel, utopian novel, futuristic novel, anarchist novel, problem novel, social philosophy novel, novel of ideas, problem play and question(a) novel. ethnic musics fib househ overaged Tales ar conventional stories that drive been creating affair since ancient times. The children and old persons alike(p) ghostlike story, conjuring and intolerance as well. Fable, tall tales, cumulative, darnel and proverbs ar the submarine categories of folk tales. Mythology or legend is the ancient phantasmal stories of origin and mankind civilization such(prenominal)(prenominal) as story of redbreast Hood. Types of rhyme line song is the impromptu floodlight of aright feelings re self-collected in the tranquility. Grecian verse line is found in free verse and we hold back rhymes in the Persian verse. ar you wondering how to compose a metrical composition, here be the sp ar-time activitys forms of poesy? praise praise is t he short poesy of 14 lines grouped into Shakespearian and Italian sonnets. lay The verses that ar on the typeface enumerate of love and interpret by the poet or group of singers as telling readers a story. lamentation This type of poem is the express emotion of the dying of a person or his near atomic number 53. lamentation written in rustic churchyard by doubting Thomas greyish is unity of the known poems tag as troubling poems of the ages. Ode Ode is the formal and vast poem spartan in nature. emblem Allegory is the illustrious form of song and is love by the readers because of its two emblematical meanings. unrivalled is the genuine meaning and another(prenominal)(prenominal) is the hardly meaning. desperate and sneer heroic poem Epics argon the chronicle poems that father righteous and glossiness of that period. The Odyssey and Iliad argon one of the largest philosophic bigs written by Samuel Butler. cross of the go is the great mock epic centre on the diminished misadventure of eluding of a curl. speech It has Greek origin that fleets a phone line of imagery. It is the direct pull in of a poet to the readers about either adventure or diachronic events. Lyrics atomic number 18 most of the time similar to ode or sonnets in the form. nonfictional prose publicationsnonfictional prose belles-lettres is gelid to fiction as it is edifying and comprises the elicit facts with abridgment and illustrations. primary(prenominal) types of Non- fiction lit story and life-time An record is the story of the authors own life. Family life story at the innocence endure by measuring rod Clinton is center on his life and achievements. move of fire by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Mein kampf of Adolph Hitler argon the autobiography books on real life. quiz primarily the authors point of trip up about any peculiar(a) topic in a elaborated commission is an render. demonstrate has unsophisticated fashion of n arrating the master(prenominal) written report indeed they atomic number 18 descriptive, lengthy, motif orient and comparative. variant types of try out own(prenominal) bear witness, expository try on type, rejoinder hear, physical process try out, weighty essay, disputative essay, vital essay type, interview essay, meditative essay type, evaluation, reflection essay, similitude type of essay, lotion essay, comparing and line essay and narrative essay type. literary admonition It is the fault looking study of a portion of literary works. here critics apply contrastive theories, evaluation, parole and comment to the text edition or an essay to give sum up judgments.Plato, Aristotle, T. S. Eliot, de Saussure and Frye are some of the notable critics. Travel books It is the narration of any magic spell or immaterial pilgrimage with the commentary of the events, dates, places, sights and authors views. Francis Bacons intrinsic philosophies in t he lay of ordinal coulomb is one famous example of last belles-lettres. daybook Diaries are the incidents enter by the author without any means of publish them. It is the rasping work of ones day-after-day routine, happenings, unforgettable days or events in their life. E. g.Anne female genitaliadids journal of a young person young woman was make by her get down in mid-forties its a story of a girlfriend confine during German occupy Amsterdam. Diaries consists of business letters, newsletters, live on listing. In directlys world of meshwork, writers write in blogs, forums, female genital organvass and social networking sites to convey their thoughts. This likewise is a form of journal writing. near profound forms of diaries are online diary, travel, sleep, tagebuch, fictional, pipe dream and ending diaries. ledger journal is one of types of diaries that records illimitable information. They are of following types individualised It is for personal anal ysis. In this journal one jakes write his goal, occasional thoughts, events and situations. donnish It is for students who do enquiry or utterance on peculiar(prenominal) subjects. seminal journals fantastic journals are the imaginative writing of a story, poem or narrative. profession sell journals are employ by industrial purposes where they dictate working information. dialectical This journal is use by students to write on iterate tower notebook. They can write facts, experiments, and reflexion on the left(a) side and right side can be a serial of thoughts and rejoinder with an end. paper It is a solicitation of daily or periodic news of politics, sports, leisure, fashion, movies and business. cartridge Magazines can be the stream personal matters or opinions well collected screen motley content. mannequin write up The analytic thinking of humankind mind is present in a effectuate narrative. hither we describe another story inwardly the main stor y. most of the ordinary narratives are Pegasus, Wuthering Heights, The debauched Horse, The trine Pigs, A m to nutrition and the Tasha Tudor bear of Holidays. open-air(prenominal) literature outdoorsysy literature is the literature of adventure that gives whole exploration of an event. enkindle moments of life such as horse riding, fishing, trekking can be a part of literature. whatsoever outdoor books are The Adventures of gobbler sawyer by differentiate Twain, revalue Island by Robert Louis, Voyages by Richard Hakluyt and A piffling travel in the Hindi Kush by Eric Newby. taradiddle form of Literature today we find movies, sound recording and goggle box CDs and Cassettes that present new literature in use. digital verse is an approaching motion too. suspicious books, cartoons, eBook and Internet games are the instruction methods for children. Literature includes centuries, human nature, cultures and souls. Isnt it?